Male circumcision is one of the oldest and most common surgical procedures worldwide, and is undertaken for many reasons. Son takes parents to court over circumcision 3 in a study on male circumcision in a medical setting conducted by westercamp and bailey 2007 the adverse. Africa latitude and longitude and relative locations. Despite its prevalence, fgmc is a subject of intense debate within africa and abroad. Pdf mapping male circumcision for hiv prevention efforts.
Voluntary medical adult male circumcision for hiv prevention. Aug 21, 2012 after overcoming much skepticism, the idea that circumcision is an effective measure in reducing hiv transmission is now globally accepted by the health professionals community and the general public. In the eastern cape the application of health standards in traditional circumcision act of 2001 makes it mandatory for circumcision schools to be registered and for traditional surgeons and. Experts and bloggers weigh in on the practicality and the effectiveness of a circumcision driven hiv public health policy in africa. Voluntary medical male circumcision for hiv prevention avert. Here we will be concerned with the continuous area of central. What male circumcision does not do you have the right to safe medical circumcision in a hygienic and clean medical facility medical circumcision is the most hygienic, safest way to be circumcised, and the only way to ensure that you get the full sexual and health bene. Male circumcision under local anaesthesia version 3. Today it is still practised by jews,muslims and many tribes in east and southern africa see table 1. Background reflection on whether and how to provide male circumcision takes on a particular importance since the clinical trials in south africa, kenya and uganda have shown that male circumcision may reduce the risk of hiv infection by more than 50% in men.
Circumcision is prevalent among 92% of men in north africa and around 62% in subsaharan africa. Voluntary medical male circumcision vmmc for human immunodeficiency virus. Male circumcision is almost a universal practice in west and north africa who, 2007. Globally, 30% of men are circumcised, mostly for religious reasons. On december 2006, two randomized controlled trials rcts in kenya and uganda on the impact of male circumcision on hiv incidence in men confirmed results of a similar trial in south africa. Consultation on male circumcision and hiv prevention in. In 2010, the world health organization who estimated.
Correlates of male circumcision in eastern and southern. Africa is the continent hardest hit by the hivaids epidemic and this is why it is a highpriority. Even differences in terminology relect contrary stances. Is it possible to end female circumcision in africa. Traditional male circumcision in eastern and southern. Since 2007, the world health organization who and unaids have recommended voluntary medical male circumcision vmmc as a key component of combination hiv prevention in. Mar 04, 2014 at least east and southern african nations introduced male circumcision five years ago following scientific findings indicating that the removal of the male organs foreskin reduces hiv. Aspects of male circumcision in sub equatorial african. These data were collected prior to the scaleup of voluntary medical male circumcision vmmc programs in 11 of the 12 countries. Male circumcision and risk of hiv infection in subsaharan africa.
Son takes parents to court over circumcision 3 in a study on male circumcision in a medical setting conducted. Centre for social science research aids and society. However, in eastern africa male circumcision rates vary, ranging from 15% in burundi and rwanda, to 84% in kenya, and 93% in ethiopia who, 2007. The vmmc service package includes male circumcision, offer of hiv testing services and linkage to care and treatment for men testing hiv positive, hiv risk reduction education, condom provision, and screening and treatment or referral for sexually transmitted infections 3. Jul 07, 2020 background hiv remains the largest cause of disease burden among men and women of reproductive age in subsaharan africa. Unlike east africa see our kenya and south africa pages circumcision is not a coming of age ritual, but is performed in infancy or early childhood. In south africa these are available at community health centres and district hospitals all over the country.
Apr 17, 2007 2005 for instance directly addresses traditional male circumcision in chapter 2, section 12 8 which prohibits the circumcision of male children under the age of 16 unless performed for religious or medical reasons. As part of a larger study, repeat semistructured interviews with 30 adult men from alexandra township were conducted. Hiv remains the largest cause of disease burden among men and women of reproductive age in subsaharan africa. The study based on a populationbased survey included a nationally representative subgroup of 6654. Pdf mapping male circumcision for hiv prevention efforts in.
On the other hand, in southern africa male circumcision is a rare practice. Operations research the mcc conducts operations research to. The residence of each survey respondent was geolocated to the latitude and longitude of their corresponding enumeration area ea, a geographic area that delineates groups of households for counting during the population census. In subsaharan africa, about twothirds of men circumcise, while in kenya male circumcision is practiced by over 80% of men including young babukusu men in western kenya where this study was. Male circumcision male circumcision is the surgical removal of some or the entire foreskin prepuce from the penis. Mapping male circumcision for hiv prevention efforts in sub. The southwest nigeria study, a 19941995 survey of 1749 males and 1976 females in nigerias ondo, oyo and lagos states, is used to examine contemporary levels of circumcision, reasons for carrying out the practice, and the circumstances of the circumcision operations. Public health issues concerning increased uptake of male circumcision in subsaharan africa 3. Manual for male circumcision under local anaesthesia.
The difference of ptolemys latitudes between two islands named junonia one of. Male and female circumcision in africa from a regional to. In western and northern parts of africa it is mainly performed for religious reasons, whereas in southern parts of africa it rarely performed in neonates, instead being a rite of passage into manhood. Africa, and it is considered to be the only manner in. The association between male circumcision and hiv infection in. Prevalence of circumcision in those counties is expected to be close to 100%. Traditional circumcision during manhood initiation rituals. Africas kwazulunatal province was followed by substantial declines in the incidence of hiv.
We note that clinical trials in other parts of africa kenya, south africa and uganda have shown that medical circumcision protects against hiv infection 1012. The objectives of the current national study were to determine the rates of selfreported circumcision among south african men and, more importantly, evaluate the acceptability of male circumcision in south africa by uncircumcised adult men and all adult women. Male circumcision policy, practices and services in the. Data from crosssectional epidemiological studies conducted since the mid1980s showed. Shaping genitals, shaping perceptions a frame analysis.
Male circumcision has become an important component of hiv prevention strategies in africa. The prevalence of traditional male circumcision, and the ages at which it is performed section 4. Geographic coverage of male circumcision in western kenya. Sep 25, 2016 a fashion designer created a circumcision toolkit that honors african culture and saves lives ap photoschalk van zuydam xhosa boys undergo a traditional male circumcision ceremony into manhood. Scaleup of voluntary medical male circumcision services. In 2007 less than 15% of males were circumcised from botswana, zambia, and zimbabwe who.
As the vmmc scaleup intensifies in countries across eastern and southern africa, the correlates of vmmc are likely to change, with younger age and education emerging as key correlates of vmmc performed in medical settings. Three out of 12 countries in the study had male circumcision rates over 70 percent ethiopia, kenya, and tanzania, while in lesotho and mozambique about half of the male population was circumcised. Section 12 8 which prohibits the circumcision of male children under the age of 16 unless performed for religious or medical reasons. Throughout the region the male circumcision rate is over 95%.
Male circumcision is the most widely accepted cultural practice among the xhosaspeaking people of south. Apr 01, 1997 the second is that male circum cision extends much further into middle and southern africa than does female circumcision, a circumstance which suggests that circumcision may once have been spread by diffusion or ethnic mi gration, and perhaps that the more superficial nature of male circumcision or perhaps a greater desire to protect males. The manual points out that countries in subsaharan. In the eastern cape the application of health standards in traditional circumcision act of 2001 makes it. In the mid2000s, male circumcision was found to reduce the femaleto male sexual transmission of hiv by 60%. Voluntary medical male circumcision vmmc reduces the risk of femaleto male transmission of hiv by 5060%. Jul 23, 2017 naked, covered in white clay mud, and with his penis wrapped in leaves, abongile maqegu, 20, sits in a hut in south africa recovering from his circumcision a traditional ritual that can prove fatal. African governments are promoting voluntary medical circumcision of all boys and men as part of the fightagainst hivaids, as recommended by theworld health organisation who. The world health organization who and joint united nations programme on hivaids unaids identified 14 priority countries for vmmc campaigns and set a coverage.
Male and female circumcision in africa from a regional to a specific nigerian examination. Male circumcision as strategy for hiv prevention and sexually. In east and central africa, kenya has the highest prevalence. The latitude and longitude finder to convert gps location to address or search for your address and latitude and longitude on the map coordinates.
Centre for social science research aids and society research. Teide seemingly marks ptolemys prime meridian, as his longitude of. History of circumcision ritual male circumcision is known to have been practised by south sea islanders,australian aborigines, sumatrans, incas, aztecs, mayans and ancient egyptians. To the north lie the neighbouring countries of namibia, botswana and zimbabwe. The rates vary widely by country, from virtually 0% in honduras and japan, to 6.
If successful, south africa would avert more than 1. Today it is still practised by jews,muslims and many tribes in east and southern africa see. Results of recent trials have renewed interest in this ancient procedure and its potential application in the reduction of sexually transmitted infections stis. Scaleup of voluntary medical male circumcision services for. Overall, male circumcision lowered the risk of hiv infection by about 60 percent.
Consultation on male circumcision and hiv prevention in the. Who, manual for early infant male circumcision under local. Background reflection on whether and how to provide male circumcision takes on a particular importance since the clinical trials in south africa, kenya and uganda have shown that male circumcision may reduce the risk of hiv infection by more than 50% in men having sex with an hiv. Gps coordinates finder is a tool used to find the latitude and longitude of your current location including your address, zip code, state, city and latlong. A south african male circumcision kit by fashion designer. Namibia, rwanda, south africa, tanzania, uganda, zambia, and zimbabwe. Mapping male circumcision for hiv prevention efforts in. Lines of longitude are often referred to as meridians. In some cases, you may have been circumcised for religious or cultural reasons. Social and behavioural research the project assesses behaviour, attitudes, and beliefs about male circumcision in nyanza. The latitude and longitude finder has options to convert gps location to address and vice versa. The one thing that unites this disparate collection of nations is circumcision. Male circumcision and risk of hiv1 and other sexually transmitted infection in india. Infant circumcision is prohibited, but some african families are performing the circumcisions illegally.
Prevalence and acceptability of male circumcision in south. When irst described, the practice was called female circumcision. It will also evaluate the impact of male circumcision on sexual risk behaviour and on the rates of hiv. In some south african ethnic groups, circumcision has. Traditional male circumcision in eastern and southern africa. Dec 01, 2010 mortality related to traditional male circumcision was 0. Lines of latitude are often referred to as parallels. Followup research in kenya found that this protective effect of male circumcision was sustained over 42 months, reducing men s chances of becoming infected with. The prevalence of circumcision is the percentage of males in a given population who have been circumcised.
A study titled estimation of countryspecific and global prevalence of male circumcision looked at sources that contained data for mature males that were circumcised. We reconstructed ptolemys map of ancient west africa using a modern geographic. South africa, officially the republic of south africa rsa, is a country located in southern africa. Voluntary medical male circumcision vmmc reduces the risk of femaleto. Male and female circumcision in africa from a regional to a. Pdf aspects of male circumcision in subequatorial african. Current drivers and geographic patterns of hiv in lesotho. We discuss the implications of our results for both the expansion of treatment programs and for. The procedure herein referred to as traditional male circumcision is usually performed in a nonclinical setting by a. Prevalence and acceptability of male circumcision in south africa. It has 2,798 kilometres 1,739 mi of coastline that stretches along the south atlantic and indian oceans.
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